The basis of Sikhism lies in the teachings of Guru Nanak and his successors. Sikhism is classified as an Indian religion along with Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. The utterances and teachings of the ten Gurus. Ten Gurus, from Guru Nanak Sahib to Guru Gobind Singh Sahib, Philosophy and teachingsĪ Sikh can be defined as any human being who faithfully believes in: The anglicised word Sikhism derives from the Punjabi verb Sikhi, which connotes the "temporal path of learning" and is rooted in the word sikhana ('to learn'). Adherents of Sikhism are known as Sikhs, meaning 'students' or 'disciples' of the Guru. The majority of Sikh scriptures were originally written in the alphabet of Gurmukhī, a script standardised by Guru Angad out of Laṇḍā scripts historically used in present-day Pakistan and North India. 5.3.1 Sikh confederacy and the rise of the Khalsa.The persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 as an order to protect the freedom of conscience and religion, with members expressing the qualities of a Sant-Sipāhī ('saint-soldier'). Mughal rulers of India tortured and executed two of the Sikh gurus- Guru Arjan (1563–1605) and Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)-after they refused to convert to Islam. The religion developed and evolved in times of religious persecution, gaining converts from both Hinduism and Islam. It teaches followers to transform the " Five Thieves" (i.e. Sikhism emphasizes simran ( ਸਿਮਰਨ, meditation and remembrance of the teachings of Gurus), which can be expressed musically through kirtan, or internally through naam japna ('meditation on His name') as a means to feel God's presence. Following this standard, Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on Absolute Truth. The core beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation in the name of the one creator divine unity and equality of all humankind engaging in seva (' selfless service') striving for justice for the benefit and prosperity of all and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life.
The Sikh scripture opens with the Mul Mantar ( ਮੂਲ ਮੰਤਰ), fundamental prayer about ik onkar ( ੴ, ' One God'). Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh Guru (1606–1644), established the concept of mutual co-existence of the miri ('political'/'temporal') and piri ('spiritual') realms. Guru Nanak taught that living an "active, creative, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" is above metaphysical truth, and that the ideal man "establishes union with God, knows His Will, and carries out that Will". The tenth guru, Gobind Singh (1666–1708), named the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib as his successor, bringing to a close the line of human gurus and establishing the scripture as the 11th and last eternally living guru, a religious spiritual/life guide for Sikhs. Sikhism developed from the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the faith's first guru, of the nine Sikh gurus who succeeded him.
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